What Are Hormones | Physiology | Biology | FuseSchool

A hormone is a chemical messenger that is secreted (or released) into our bloodstream by specific organs known as glands.

Hormones regulate (or control) many processes in our body, including blood glucose levels, water content in blood, general growth, and blood pressure – just to name a few. They produce a specific response when they reach the target organ.

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In this video I discuss what are hormones, and how do hormones work. I also cover the types of hormones, water soluble hormones, and fat soluble hormones, what is glucagon, as well as the functions of hormones.

Transcript (partial with notes)

What are hormones, and what do hormones do?

Hormones are messengers that are released mainly by glands, and they travel in the bloodstream through all parts of the body to targeted cells. Hormones then tell these cells what to do.

How do hormones work? Types of hormones.

Water soluble hormones bind to receptors on the surface of cells, and the message is delivered, and the cell does its duty. Fat soluble hormones actually enter cells and bind to receptors once inside. Again, message is delivered and the cell does its duty.

What do hormones do? What is glucagon?

For example glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas. After we eat, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose. The liver sends some of this glucose into the bloodstream to cells throughout the body. The cells use glucose as energy. The liver takes any extra glucose and stores it as glycogen, or as fat.

As this glucose in the bloodstream gets used up by the cells, the liver needs to release more, and this is where glucagon comes in. The pancreas releases glucagon hormones which attach to receptors on liver cells. Glucagon tells the liver cells, we need more glucose, and the liver cells convert the stored glycogen into glucose, and releases it to keep those hungry cells fed.

Functions of hormones.

There are many different hormones in the body that have many different functions. There are hormones that help with blood pressure regulation, development of white blood cells, in response to stress, regulation of water retention in the kidneys, and I could go on and on and on, but I think you get the picture, they are kind of important in the body.

Timestamps
0:00 What are hormones?
0:15 How do hormones work?
1:15 Some functions of hormones in the body

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(USMLE topics) Structure of the skin, layers of the epidermis, skin barrier and pigmentation. Purchase PDF (script of this video + images) here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/pdf-video-scripts-with-images/a-p-basics/-/medias/997936d8-99bf-479a-b34a-f3f64bad47d0-skin-anatomy-3-pages-5-images
This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/skin-and-hair-videos/-/medias/064b5445-fcbe-477d-a707-0ee60f560e9e-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-skin-narrated-animation
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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
The skin covers the body and protects it from the external environment. It also prevents water loss, provides sensory function, plays a role in body temperature regulation, and is the site of vitamin D synthesis.
The skin is composed of 2 layers: the outer epidermis and the deeper dermis. The dermis is connected to underlying structures via a subcutaneous tissue, the hypodermis, which is not technically considered part of the skin.
The epidermis provides barrier and protection, it consists mainly of the protein keratin, a tough and water-insoluble structural protein.
The dermis constitutes the bulk of the skin, it provides support and flexibility. The dermis consists mainly of collagen, and to a lesser extent, elastin fibers. Loss of collagen and elastin, such as with aging, causes the skin to slack. The boundary surface between the epidermis and dermis is not flat but wavy, meaning the 2 tissues interlock, strengthening their connection. With age, this boundary flattens and the skin becomes more fragile. The dermis is well vascularized and contains sensory nerves, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. It has 2 zones: the upper papillary dermis with loose connective tissue, and the lower reticular dermis with denser connective tissue. The dermis houses immune cells and allows inflammatory response to activate upon exposure to invading organisms.
The hypodermis is composed of loose connective and adipose tissues. This is where most of the body fat is stored. The hypodermis provides thermal insulation, padding and serves as the body main energy storage.
The thickness and proportion of the epidermis and dermis vary greatly depending on their location on the body, but the skin is classified as thick or thin based on the thickness of the epidermis alone. Thick skin is found only in areas where there is a lot of abrasion: palms, soles, digits; and has 5 epidermal layers. Thin skin is everywhere else and has 4 epidermal layers.
Most cells of the epidermis are keratin-producing cells, or keratinocytes. New cells are constantly produced by mitotic cell division in the basal layer. They then move towards the skin surface as they age and differentiate, changing shape, from cuboidal to flat. The distinct epidermal layers represent different stages of keratinocyte differentiation, from their birth to their death.
The spinous layer is characterized by presence of abundant desmosomes which connect keratin filaments of adjacent cells, anchoring them together, providing resistance to physical stress.
The granular layer is loaded with keratohyalin granules. These granules release several substances that cross-link keratin filaments, converting them into an impermeable keratin matrix. This process is known as cornification or keratinization, the result of which is the most superficial layer, the cornified layer, about 30 cells thick. These fully keratinized dead cells form the skin barrier. They are shed periodically from the surface as new cells are moving up. The entire epidermis is replaced every 30 to 40 days. The renewal process becomes slower with age but faster in injured skin, when cell proliferation is accelerated for wound healing.
The epidermis also contains immune cells, touch sensory cells and melanocytes. Melanocytes produce the pigment melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes. The amount of melanin produced is the major determinant of skin color. Melanin synthesis is stimulated by UV light and is thought to be a protective mechanism against UV radiation damage.
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Hey Kids, our skin is one of the most vital parts of our body but often it’s neglected for weird reasons. Watch the video as Dr. Binocs is here to explain how exactly your skin works. Sounds interesting, isn’t it? Take a look and do post your comments below.

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